Avoided level crossings and singular points

Avoided crossings of discrete states as well as of resonance states are traced back to the existence of branch points (BPs) which axe singular points in the complex energy plane. They cannot be identified with exceptional points. At a BP width bifurcation occurs, different Riemann sheets evolve and the levels do not cross anymore when the system is still further opened. The BPs are physically meaningful: they influence the dynamics of open as well as of closed quantum systems. The geometric phase that arises by encircling a BP, is different from the phase that appears by encircling a diabolic point. This is found to be true even for the two BPs into which the diabolic point is unfolded by opening the system.