Cell-signaling evidence for adenosine stimulation of coronary smooth muscle proliferation via the A1 adenosine receptor

For decades, it has been thought that adenosine is exclusively antimitogenic on vascular smooth muscles via the A(2)-type adenosine receptor. Recently, we have demonstrated that adenosine stimulates proliferation of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC) through the A(1) adenosine receptor. However, the cell-signaling mechanisms underlying A(1) receptor-mediated CASMC proliferation in response to adenosine have not been defined. Here, we show that in cultured CASMC, adenosine stimulates phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (NK), and AKT in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. This effect is fully mimicked by NECA (nonselective agonist), largely mimicked by CCPA (A(1)-selective agonist), weakly mimicked by 2-Cl-IB-MECA (A(3)-selective agonist), but not by CGS21680 (A(2A)-selective agonist), indicating that adenosine signals strongly via the A(1) receptor to these mitogenic signaling pathways. This interpretation is supported by the finding that adenosine- and CCPA- induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and AKT are inhibited by pertussis toxin (inactivator of G(i) proteins) and by DPCPX (A(1)-selective antagonist), but not by SCH58261, MRS1706, and VUF5574 (A(2A)-, A(2B)-, and A(3)-selective antagonists, respectively). In addition, adenosine- and CCPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and AKT is inhibited, respectively, by U0126, PD98059 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors), SP600125 (JNK kinase inhibitor), and wortmannin (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor). Furthermore, these kinase inhibitors abolish or diminish adenosine- and CCPA induced increases in the rate of cellular DNA synthesis, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, protein synthesis, and cell number. We conclude that adenosine activates the ERK, JNK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathways primarily through the A(1) receptor, leading to CASMC mitogenesis.