o-Phenylene halocarbenonitrenes and o-phenylene chlorocarbenocarbene:: A combined experimental and computational approach

[GRAPHICS] Computations find that o-phenylene(halo)carbenonitrenes 2-XN, X = F, Cl, Br, have quinoidal singlet biradical ground states such as the parent o-phenylenecarbenonitrene (2-11N). Compared to the parent 2-11N, halogen substitution stabilizes the A states relative to the A ' ones. Halogen substitution also affects the barrier and exothermicity of the ring-opening reaction (to form unsaturated nitriles 4-XN, X = F, Cl, Br), but it has a smaller effect on the ring-closing reaction (to form benzo(aza)cyclobutadiene 3-XN, X = F, Cl, Br). Attempts to generate and observe the o-phenylene(halo)carbenonitrenes 2-XN, X = F, Cl, Br, using matrix isolation spectroscopy under conditions similar to those of the successful observation of 2-HN failed. Instead, the observed photoproducts were a mixture of 3-XN and 4-XN. In each case, the major product of the mixture appears to be the thermodynamically more stable one. In the case of X = Br, the observed mixture contains an additional component that is postulated to be Z-6-BrN. o-Phenylenechlorocarbenocarbene is also computed to have a quinoidal singlet biradical ground state and relatively stabilized A excited states. Attempts to generate the biscarbene under matrix isolation conditions led to the detection of benzochlorocyclobutadiene (3-CIC), small amounts of the ring-open product (dienediyne 4-CIC), and cycloalkyne 5-CIC. Computations suggest that the formation of 5-CIC implies the generation of Z-6-CIC, which is analogous to the formation of Z-6-BrN from 2-BrN.