Foam cell death induced by 7β-hydroxycholesterol is mediated by labile iron-driven oxidative injury:: Mechanisms underlying induction of ferritin in human atheroma

Human atherosclerotic lesions typically contain large amounts of ferritin associated with apoptotic macrophages and foam cells, although the reasons are unknown. In the present investigation, we studied the relationship between ferritin induction and occurrence of apoptosis in 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol (7 beta-OH)-treated monocytic cells and macropbages. We found that 7 beta-OH enlarges the intracellular labile iron pool, increases formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induces ferritin and cytosolic accumulation of lipid droplets, lysosomal destabilization, and apoptototic macrophage death. Since ferritin is a phase II-type protective protein, our findings suggest that ferritin upregulation here worked as an inefficient defense mechanism. Addition to the culture medium of both a membrane-penneable iron chelator 10-phenanthroline and the non-membrane-permeable iron chelators apoferritin and desferrioxamine afforded significant protection against the 7 beta-OH-induced effects. Consequently, endocytosed iron compounds dramatically augmented 7l3-01-1-induced cytotoxicity. We conclude that oxidized lipid 7 beta-OH causes not only foam cell formation but also oxidative damage with abnormal metabolism of cellular iron. The findings suggest that modulation of iron metabolism in human atheroma may be a potential therapeutic strategy against atherosclerosis. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.