Vital elements of the Wnt-frizzled signaling pathway in the nervous system

Wnt proteins are cysteine-rich glycosylated proteins named after the Drosophilia Wingless (Wg) and the mouse Int-l genes that play a role in embryonic cell patterning, proliferation, differentiation, orientation, adhesion, survival, and programmed cell death (PCD). Writ proteins involve at least two intracellular signaling pathways. One pathway controls target gene transcription through beta-catenin, generally referred to as the canonical pathway and a second pathway pertains to intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release which is termed the non-canonical or Wnt/ Ca2+ pathway. The majority of Writ proteins activate gene transcription through the canonical signaling pathway regulated by pathways that include the Frizzled transmembrane receptor and the co-receptor LRP-5/6, Dishevelled, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and beta-catenin. In contrast, the noncanonical Writ signaling pathway has two intracellular signaling cascades that consist of the Wnt/ Ca2+ pathway with protein kinase C (PKC) and the Wnt/PCP pathway involving Rho/Rac small GTPase and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Through a series of signaling pathways, Writ proteins modulate cell development, proliferation, and cell fate. In regards to cell survival and fate through PCD, Writ may be critical for the prevention of tissue pathology that involves cytokine and growth factor control during disorders such as neuropsychiatric disease, retinal disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Elucidation of the vital elements that shape and control the Wnt-Frizzled signaling pathway may provide significant prospects for the treatment of disorders of the nervous system.