Historical evidence of widespread chytrid infection in North American amphibian populations

Emerging infectious diseases may be contributing to the global decline of amphibian populations. In particular chytridiomycosis, a cutaneous fungal infection of amphibians caused by the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, gained attention in the 1990s as an apparently new pathogen. This fungus has been implicated as the causative agent of widespread mortalities among wild amphibians in geographically disparate parts of the world. To investigate the global distribution, historical occurrence, and infectiousness of this pathogen, we examined 33 71 postmetamorpbic and adult amphibians collected between 1895 and 2001 from 25 countries for the presence of chytrid fungi in the epidermis. Cutaneous chytrid infection was diagnosed in 383 of 2931 (13.1%) specimens of 12 common amphibian species from five Canadian provinces and seven American states, including 30 of 69 locations examined in the St. Lawrence River Valley of Quebec Chytrids were observed in 7.0% (461655) of the adults collected in the 1960s, the earliest cases being two green frogs (Rana clamitans) collected in 1961 from Saint-Pierre-de-Wakefield, Quebec. In recent studies, morbidity and mortality attributable to chytridiomycosis were not observed in infected amphibians from Quebec despite a 17.8% (302/1698) prevalence of chytrid infection during the period 1990-2001. The prevalence of infection during this latter period was not statistically different when compared with the period 1960-1969. Epidermal chytrid infections were not observed in 440 amphibians examined from 23 other countries. In light of the fact that infection by B. dendrobatidis is widely distributed and apparently enzootic in seemingly healthy amphibians from eastern North America, lethal outbreaks of chytridiomycosis among amphibian populations appear to have complex causes and may be the result of underlying predisposing factors.