Platinum chromophore-based systems for photoinduced charge separation: A molecular design approach for artificial photosynthesis

Photoinduced charge separation is a fundamental step in photochemical energy conversion. In the design of molecularly based systems for light-to-chemical energy conversion, this step is studied through the construction of two- and three-component systems (dyads and triads) having suitable electron donor and acceptor moieties placed at specific positions on a charge-transfer chromophore. The most extensively studied chromophores in this regard are ruthenium(II) tris(diimine) systems with a common (MLCT)-M-3 excited state, as well as related ruthenium(II) bis(terpyridyl) systems. This Forum contribution focuses on dyads and triads of an alternative chromophore, namely, platinum(II) di- and triimine systems having acetylicle ligands. These d(8) chromophores all possess a (MLCT)-M-3 excited state in which the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is a pi* orbital on the heterocyclic aromatic ligand. The excited-state energies of these Pt(II) chromophores are generally higher than those found for the ruthenium(II) tris(diimine) systems, and the directionality of the charge transfer is more certain. The first platinum diimine bis(arylacetylide) triad, constructed by attaching phenothiazene donors to the arylacetylide ligands and a nitrophenyl acceptor to 5-ethynylphenanthroline of the chromophore, exhibited a charge-separated state of 75-ns duration. The first Pt(tpy)(arylacetylide)(+) -based triad contains a trimethoxybenzamide donor and a pyridiniurn acceptor and has been structurally characterized. The triad has an edge-to-edge separation between donor and acceptor fragments of 27.95 angstrom. However, while quenching of the emission is complete for this system, transient absorption (TA) studies reveal that charge transfer does not move onto the pyridinium acceptor. A new set of triads described in detail here and having the formula [Pt(NO(2)phtpy)(p-C=C-C6H4CH2(PTZ-R)(PF6), where NO(2)phtpy = 4'-{4-[2-(4nitrophenyl)vinyl]phenyl}-2,2';6',2-terpyridine and PTZ = phenothiazine with R = H, Me, possess an unsaturated linkage between the chromophore and a nitrophenyl acceptor. While the parent chromophore [Pt(ttPY)(C CC6H5)]PF6 is brightly luminescent in a fluid solution at 298 K, the triads exhibit complete quenching of the emission, as do the related donor-chromophore (D-C) dyads. Electrochemically, the triads and D-C dyads exhibit a quasi-reversible oxidation wave corresponding to the PTZ ligand, while the R=H triad and related C-A dyad display a facile quasi-reversible reduction assignable to the acceptor. TA spectroscopy shows that one of the triads possesses a long-lived charge-separated state of similar to 230 ns.