Gadd45β is induced through a CAR-dependent, TNF-independent pathway in murine liver hyperplasia

We previously observed that Gadd45 beta/MyD118, a member of the Gadd45 Eunily of inducible factors, showed the strongest immediate-early induction common to two distinctive proliferation responses of the liver. (1) regeneration induced by surgical partial hepatectomy and (2) hyperplasia induced by the primary mitogen TCPOBOP, a ligand of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Gadd45 beta is known to be stimulated by nuclear factor (NF) kappa B, which is activated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in the early response to partial hepatectomy. We therefore investigated whether TNFa and NFkB also stimulated Gadd45 beta as part of the response to CAR ligands, or whether activation occurred by an alternative pathway. TCPOBOP effects were characterized in three mouse genotypes: wild-type, TNFR1(-/-), and TNFR1(-/-)TNFR2(-/-). The results showed that TCPOBOP did not activate NF kappa B in any of the mice, but a strong induction of Gadd45 beta messenger RNA was observed in all three genotypes, where TCPOBOP also induced CyP2b10, a classical target gene of activated CAR, and cyclin D 1, a proliferation linked gene. Thus, the absence of TNFR signaling and induction of NF kappa B did not impair CAR-mediated gene induction. Moreover, hepatocyte proliferation was strongly induced, and at significantly higher levels than wild type, in both TNFR1(-/-) and TNFR1(-/-)TNFR2(-/-) mice. Further studies evaluated TCPOBOP-induced gene expression in CAR(-/-) mice, by microarray expression profiling and Northern blot. The induced changes in gene expression, including the stimulation ofGadd45 beta, were almost completely abolished- hence all were mediated via CAR activation. In conclusion, in the liver, Gadd45 beta can be induced by a distinctive pathway that requires CAR and is independent of TNF alpha-NF kappa B. The greater induction of proliferation in TNFR-null mice suggests negative cross-talk between the CAR and TNFa-NFkB controls that regulate proliferation.