Nanotube nanoscience: A molecular-dynamics study

Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and other nanostructured carbon materials are now the most important material phases in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. We study the structural stabilities and the interconversion of carbon nanotubes and various other carbon nanostructured phases at elevated temperatures as well as under high pressure using the molecular dynamics method combined with a newly parametrized transferable tight-binding model. The model can deal with not only sp(2) and sp(3) covalent bonds but also the interaction between sp(2) layers, which plays an important role in the structural and electronic properties of carbon nanostructured materials. It is found that, during a thermal transformation process of carbon nanotubes with C-60 fullerenes trapped inside into double-walled carbon nanotubes, the Outer carbon-nanotube wall is chemically active and forms covalent bonds with inner carbon atoms, and that most vacancies on the initially imperfect outer tube wall are eventually filled with atoms migrated from inner fullerenes. It is also found that external pressure of about 20 GPa induces a variety of structural transformations in carbon nanostructures. On the other hand, pressure of 30 GPa or higher usually results in sp(3)-rich amorphous carbon materials. Finally, the rotational interlayer friction force in double-walled carbon nanotubes is studied for the system of (4,4)@(9,9), and the torque of the friction force per unit area acting on each nanotube of the system is found to be as small as 9.7 x 10(-4) N/m. This small value indicates the importance of carbon nanostuctured materials not only for nanoelectronics but also for nanometer-scale machines in the future. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.