Journal
MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE
Volume 68, Issue 3-4, Pages 176-196Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20231
Keywords
HTLV-1; HTLV-2; adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma; tropical spastic paraparesis; Tax
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Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [R15-CA101903-01] Funding Source: Medline
- NCRR NIH HHS [5 M01-RR-05096-10] Funding Source: Medline
- NIAID NIH HHS [R01-AI-79744-01] Funding Source: Medline
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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus to be identified in the early 1980s. The isolation and identification of a related virus, HTLV-2, and the distantly related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immediately followed. Of the three retroviruses, two are associated definitively with specific diseases, HIV, with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HTLV-1, with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). While an estimated 10-20 million people worldwide are infected with HTLV-I, infection is endemic in the Caribbean, parts of Africa, southwestern Japan, and Italy. Approximately 4% of HTLV-1 infected individuals develop ATLL, a disease with a poor prognosis. The clinical manifestations of infection and the current biology of HTLV viruses with emphasis on HTLV-1 are discussed in detail. The implications for improvements in diagnosis, treatment, intervention, and vaccination are included, as well as a discussion of the emergence of HTLV-1 and -2 as copathogens among HIV-1-infected individuals.
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