Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY
Volume 61, Issue -, Pages 653-678Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100348
Keywords
school learning; educational psychology; motivation; metacognition; experimental methodology; self-regulated learning
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Educational psychology has generated a prolific array of findings about factors that influence and correlate with academic achievement. We review select findings from this voluminous literature and identify two domains of psychology: heuristics that describe generic relations between instructional designs and learning, which we call the psychology of the way things are, and findings about metacognition and self-regulated learning that demonstrate learners selectively apply and change their use of those heuristics, which we call the psychology of the way learners make things. Distinguishing these domains highlights a need to marry two approaches to research methodology: the classical approach, which we describe as snapshot, bookend, between-group experimentation; and a microgenetic approach that traces proximal cause-effect bonds over time to validate theoretical accounts of how learning generates achievements. We argue for fusing these methods to advance a validated psychology of academic achievement.
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