Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 52
Volume 52, Issue -, Pages 455-479Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134659
Keywords
puberty; mammary gland; developmental basis of adult disease; environmental factors; diet; breast cancer
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Funding
- Intramural NIH HHS [ZIA ES102785-02] Funding Source: Medline
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Puberty is an important transition that enables reproduction of mammalian species. Precocious puberty, specifically early thelarche ( the appearance of breast buds), in girls of multiple ethnic backgrounds is a major health problem in the United States and other countries. The cause for a continued decrease in the age of breast development in girls is unknown, but environmental factors likely play a major role. Laboratory and epidemiological studies have identified several individual environmental factors that affect breast development, but further progress is needed. Current research needs include increased attention to and recording of prenatal and neonatal environmental exposures, testing of marketed chemicals for effects on the mammary gland, and understanding of the mammary gland-specific mechanisms that are altered by chemicals. Such research is required to halt the increasing trend toward puberty at earlier ages.
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