Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF NEUROSCIENCE, VOL 35
Volume 35, Issue -, Pages 203-225Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150444
Keywords
inhibitory interneurons; interneuronal network; excitatory-inhibitory loop; spike timing; dynamical cell assembly; irregular spiking; cross-frequency coupling; long-distance communication
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Funding
- NIMH NIH HHS [MH54671, R01 MH054671, R01 MH062349] Funding Source: Medline
- NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS034994, NS034994] Funding Source: Medline
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Gamma rhythms are commonly observed in many brain regions during both waking and sleep states, yet their functions and mechanisms remain a matter of debate. Here we review the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying gamma oscillations and outline empirical questions and controversial conceptual issues. Our main points are as follows: First, gamma-band rhythmogenesis is inextricably tied to perisomatic inhibition. Second, gamma oscillations are short-lived and typically emerge from the coordinated interaction of excitation and inhibition, which can be detected as local field potentials. Third, gamma rhythm typically concurs with irregular firing of single neurons, and the network frequency of gamma oscillations varies extensively depending on the underlying mechanism. To document gamma oscillations, efforts should be made to distinguish them from mere increases of gamma-band power and/or increased spiking activity. Fourth, the magnitude of gamma oscillation is modulated by slower rhythms. Such cross-frequency coupling may serve to couple active patches of cortical circuits. Because of their ubiquitous nature and strong correlation with the operational modes of local circuits, gamma oscillations continue to provide important clues about neuronal population dynamics in health and disease.
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