Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF NEUROSCIENCE, VOL 34
Volume 34, Issue -, Pages 441-466Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113641
Keywords
basal ganglia; synaptic plasticity; movement disorders; Parkinson's disease; motor learning
Categories
Funding
- Intramural NIH HHS [ZIA MH002497-22] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH [ZIAMH002497] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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The basal ganglia are a chain of subcortical nuclei that facilitate action selection. Two striatal projection systems-so-called direct and indirect pathways-form the functional backbone of the basal ganglia circuit. Twenty years ago, investigators proposed that the striatum's ability to use dopamine (DA) rise and fall to control action selection was due to the segregation of D-1 and D-2 DA receptors in direct- and indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons. Although this hypothesis sparked a debate, the evidence that has accumulated since then clearly supports this model. Recent advances in the means of marking neural circuits with optical or molecular reporters have revealed a clear-cut dichotomy between these two cell types at the molecular, anatomical, and physiological levels. The contrast provided by these studies has provided new insights into how the striatum responds to fluctuations in DA signaling and how diseases that alter this signaling change striatal function.
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