Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENOMICS AND HUMAN GENETICS, VOL 15
Volume 15, Issue -, Pages 349-370Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090413-025419
Keywords
pharmacogenomics; personalized medicine; drug efficacy; drug safety; biomarkers
Categories
Funding
- Medical Research Council [MR/L006758/1] Funding Source: Medline
- Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
- Department of Health Funding Source: Medline
- MRC [MR/L006758/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- National Institute for Health Research [NF-SI-0512-10064] Funding Source: researchfish
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Drug response varies between individuals owing to disease heterogeneity, environmental factors, and genetic factors. Genetic factors can affect both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug, leading to changes in local and systemic drug exposure and/or changes in the function of the drug target, altering drug response. Several pharmacogenetic biomarkers are already utilized in clinical practice and have been shown to improve clinical outcomes. However, a large number of other biomarkers have never made it beyond the discovery stage. Concerted effort is needed to improve the translation of pharmacogenetic biomarkers into clinical practice, and this will involve the use of standardized phenotyping and genotyping strategies, collaborative work, multidisciplinary approaches to identifying and replicating associations, and cooperation with industry to facilitate translation and commercialization. Acceptance of these approaches by clinicians, regulators, patients, and the public will be important in determining future success.
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