Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENETICS, VOL 45
Volume 45, Issue -, Pages 61-79Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132412
Keywords
apoptosis; cell growth and death regulation; endoribonucleases; inhibition of macromolecule biosynthesis; mRNA interferases; mRNA interference pathogenicity
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Funding
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES [R01GM081567] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01GM081567] Funding Source: Medline
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Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher systems. The cellular targets of these toxins are quite diverse and include DNA replication, mRNA stability, protein synthesis, cell-wall biosynthesis, and ATP synthesis. These toxins are co-expressed and neutralized with their cognate antitoxins from a TA (toxin-antitoxin) operon in normally growing cells. Antitoxins are more labile than toxins and are readily degraded under stress conditions, allowing the toxins to exert their toxic effect. Presence of at least 33 TA systems in Escherichia coli and more than 60 TA systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis suggests that the TA systems are involved not only in normal bacterial physiology but also in pathogenicity of bacteria. The elucidation of their cellular function and regulation is thus crucial for our understanding of bacterial physiology under various stress conditions.
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