Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, VOL 10
Volume 10, Issue -, Pages 85-+Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700
Keywords
exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis; exploratory structural equation models; exploratory structural equation model within confirmatory factor analysis; multiple-indicator multiple-cause (MIMIC) models; multitrait-multimethod models; bifactor models
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Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), path analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) have long histories in clinical research. Although CFA has largely superseded EFA, CFAs of multidimensional constructs typically fail to meet standards of good measurement: goodness of fit, measurement invariance, lack of differential item functioning, and well-differentiated factors in support of discriminant validity. Part of the problem is undue reliance on overly restrictive CFAs in which each item loads on only one factor. Exploratory SEM (ESEM), an overarching integration of the best aspects of CFA/SEM and traditional EFA, provides confirmatory tests of a priori factor structures, relations between latent factors and multigroup/multioccasion tests of full (mean structure) measurement invariance. It incorporates all combinations of CFA factors, ESEM factors, covariates, grouping/multiple-indicator multiple-cause (MIMIC) variables, latent growth, and complex structures that typically have required CFA/SEM. ESEM has broad applicability to clinical studies that are not appropriately addressed either by traditional EFA or CFA/SEM.
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