Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL 4
Volume 4, Issue -, Pages 439-465Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113911
Keywords
NMR; mass spectrometry; HPLC; CE; SEC; cITP; microcoil
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Although heparin is an important and widely prescribed pharmaceutical anticoagulant, its high degree of sequence microheterogeneity and size poly-dispersity make molecular-level characterization challenging. Unlike nucleic acids and proteins that are biosynthesized through template-driven assembly processes, heparin and the related glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate are actively remodeled during biosynthesis through a series of enzymatic reactions that lead to variable levels of O- and N-sulfonation and uronic acid epimers. As summarized in this review, heparin sequence information is determined through a bottom-up approach that relies on depolymerization reactions, size- and charge-based separations, and sensitive mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to determine the structural identity of component oligosaccharides. The structure-elucidation process, along with its challenges and opportunities for future analytical improvements, is reviewed and illustrated for a heparin-derived hexasaccharide.
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