Horizontal sub-surface flow and hybrid constructed wetlands systems for wastewater treatment

The first experiments using wetland macrophytes for wastewater treatment were carried by out by Kathe Seidel in Germany in early 1950s. The horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HF CWs) were initiated by Seidel in the early 1960s and improved by Reinhold Kickuth under the name Root Zone Method in late 1960s and early 1970s and spread throughout Europe in 1980s and 1990s. However, cohesive soils proposed by Kickuth got clogged very quickly because of low hydraulic permeability and were replaced by more porous media such as gravel in late 1980s in the United Kingdom and this design feature is still used. In fact, the use of porous media with high hydraulic conductivity was originally proposed by Seidel. HF CWs provide high removal of organics and suspended solids but removal of nutrients is low. Removal of nitrogen is limited by anoxic/anaerobic conditions in filtration beds which do not allow for ammonia nitrification. Phosphorus removal is restricted by the use of filter materials (pea gravel, crushed rock) with low sorption capacity. Various types of constructed wetlands may be combined in order to achieve higher treatment effect, especially for nitrogen. However, hybrid systems are comprised most frequently of vertical flow (VF) and HF systems arranged in a staged manner. HF systems cannot provide nitrification because of their limited oxygen transfer capacity. VF systems, on the other hand, do provide a good conditions for nitrification but no denitrification occurs in these systems. In hybrid systems (also sometimes called combined systems) the advantages of the HF and VF systems can be combined to complement processes in each system to produce an effluent low in BOD, which is fully nitrified and partly denitrified and hence has a much lower total-N outflow concentrations. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.