Effect of testing for human papillomavirus as a triage during screening for cervical cancer: observational before and after study

Objective To assess the effect of introducing testing for human papillomavirus combined with liquid based cytology in women with low grade cytological abnormalities. Design Observational before and after study. Setting Three cervical screening laboratories, England. Participants 5654 women aged 20-64 with low grade cytological abnormalities found at routine cervical screening in a pilot; 5254 similar women in the period before the pilot. Interventions Human papillomavirus testing combined with liquid based cytology in the management of women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results compared with conventional smear tests, with immediate referral colposcopy of Women positive for human papillomavirus. Results 57.9% (3187/5506) of women tested in the pilot were positive for human papillomavirus. The rate of repeat smears fell by 74%, but the rate of referral to colposcopy for low grade cytological abnormalities more than doubled. The estimated negative predictive value of human papillomavirus testing varied between 93.8% and 99.7%. Conclusion The addition of testing for human papillomavirus in women with low grade cytological abnormalities resulted in a reduction in the rate of repeat smears, but an increase in rates of referral to colposcopy.