A bromoenol lactone suicide substrate inactivates group VIA phospholipase A2 by generating a diffiusible bromomethyl keto acid that alkylates cysteine thiols

Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) comprise a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids to a free fatty acid, e.g., arachidonate, and a 2-lysophospholipid. Dissecting their individual functions has relied in large part on pharmacological inhibitors that discriminate among PLA(2). Group VIA PLA(2) (iPLA(2)beta) has a GTSTG serine lipase consensus sequence, and studies with a bromoenol lactone (BEL) suicide substrate inhibitor have been taken to suggest that iPLA2 beta participates in a wide variety of biological processes. Such conclusions presume inhibitor specificity. Inhibition by BEL requires its hydrolysis by and results in uncharacterized covalent modification(s) of iPLA(2)beta. We performed mass spectrometric analyses of proteolytic digests of BEL-treated iPLA(2)beta to identify modifications associated with loss of activity. The GTSTG active site and large flanking regions of sequence are not modified by BEL treatment, but most iPLA(2)beta Cys residues are alkylated at various BEL concentrations to form a thioether linkage to a BEL keto acid hydrolysis product. Synthetic Cys-containing peptides are alkylated when incubated with iPLA(2)beta and BEL, which reflects iPLA(2)beta-catalyzed BEL hydrolysis to a diffusible bromomethyl keto acid product that reacts with distant thiols. The BEL concentration dependence of Cys(651) alkylation closely parallels that of loss of iPLA(2)beta activity. No amino acid residues other than Cys were found to be modified, suggesting that Cys alkylation is the covalent modification of iPLA(2)beta responsible for loss of activity, and the alkylating species appears to be a diffusible hydrolysis product of BEL rather than a tethered acyl-enzyme intermediate.