Probabilistic quantitative precipitation estimation in complex terrain

This paper describes a flexible method to generate ensemble gridded fields of precipitation in complex terrain. The method is based on locally weighted regression, in which spatial attributes from station locations are used as explanatory variables to predict spatial variability in precipitation. For cacti time step, regression models are used to estimate the conditional cumulative distribution function (cdf) of precipitation at each grid cell (conditional on daily precipitation totals from a sparse station network), and ensembles are generated by using realizations from correlated random fields to extract values from the gridded precipitation cdfs. Daily high-resolution precipitation ensembles are generated for a 300 km X 300 kill section of western Colorado (dx = 2 km) for the period 1980-2003. The ensemble precipitation grids reproduce the climatological precipitation gradients and observed spatial correlation structure. Probabilistic verification shows that the precipitation estimates are reliable, in the sense that there is close agreement between the frequency of occurrence of specific precipitation events in different probability categories and the probability that is estimated from the ensemble. The probabilistic estimates have good discrimination in the sense that the estimated probabilities differ significantly between cases when specific precipitation events occur and when they do not. The method may be improved by merging the gauge-based precipitation ensembles with remotely sensed precipitation estimates from ground-based radar and satellites, or with precipitation and wind fields from numerical weather prediction models. The stochastic modeling framework developed in this Study is flexible and can easily accommodate additional modifications and improvements.