Increased efficacy and safety in the treatment of experimental liver cancer with a novel adenovirus-alphavirus hybrid vector

An improved viral vector for cancer gene therapy should be capable of infecting tumors with high efficiency, inducing specific and high-level expression of transgene in the tumor and selectively destroying tumor cells. In the design of such a vector to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, we took advantage of (a) the high infectivity of adenoviruses for hepatic cells, (b) the high level of protein expression and proapoptotic properties that characterize Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicon, and (c) tumor selectivity provided by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter. We constructed a hybrid viral vector composed of a helper-dependent adenovirus containing an SFV replicon under the transcriptional control of AFP promoter and a transgene driven by SFV subgenomic promoter. Hybrid vectors containing marine interleukin-12 (mIL-12) genes or reporter gene LacZ showed very specific and high-level expression of transgenes in AFP-expressing hepatocelhdar carcinoma cells, both in vitro and in an in vivo hepatocellular carcinoma animal model. Infected hepatocelhdar carcinoma cells were selectively eliminated due to the induction of apoptosis by SFV replication. In a rat orthotopic liver tumor model, treatment of established tumors with a hybrid vector carrying mIL-12 gene resulted in strong antitumoral activity without accompanying toxicity. This new type of hybrid vectors may provide a potent and safe tool for cancer gene therapy.