Presenilin clinical mutations can affect γ-secretase activity by different mechanisms

Mutations in human presenilin (PS) genes cause aggressive forms of familial Alzheimer's disease. Presenilins are polytopic proteins that harbour the catalytic site of the gamma-secretase complex and cleave many type I transmembrane proteins including beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), Notch and syndecan 3. Contradictory results have been published concerning whether PS mutations cause 'abnormal' gain or (partial) loss of function of gamma-secretase. To avoid the possibility that wild-type PS confounds the interpretation of the results, we used presenilin-deficient cells to analyse the effects of different clinical mutations on APP, Notch, syndecan 3 and N-cadherin substrate processing, and on gamma-secretase complex formation. A loss in APP and Notch substrate processing at epsilon and S3 cleavage sites was observed with all presenilin mutants, whereas APP processing at the gamma site was affected in variable ways. PS1-Delta 9 and PS1-L166P mutations caused a reduction in beta-amyloid peptide (A beta)(40) production whereas PS1-G384A mutant significantly increased A beta(42). Interestingly PS2, a close homologue of PS1, appeared to be a less efficient producer of A beta than PS1. Finally, subtle differences in gamma-secretase complex assembly were observed. Overall, our results indicate that the different mutations in PS affect gamma-secretase structure or function in multiple ways.