Catalysis by oxide-supported clusters of iridium and rhodium: Hydrogenation of ethene, propene, and toluene

The hydrogenation reactions of ethenc, propene, and toluene were used as probes of the catalytic properties of small clusters of rhodium (Rh-6) and of iridium (Ir-4 and Ir-6) (as well as of larger aggregates of these metals) on oxide supports (gamma-Al2O3, MgO, and La2O3). The catalysts were characterized in the working state by extended-X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, providing evidence of the cluster structures and cluster-support interactions; by infrared spectroscopy, providing evidence of hydrocarbon adsorbates and possible reaction intermediates on the clusters; and by kinetics of the hydrogenation reactions. The EXAFS data indicate that the metal clusters, while remaining intact and maintaining their bonding to the support during catalysis, under-went slight rearrangements to accommodate reactive intermediates. As the concentrations of reactive intermediates such as pi-bonded alkenes and alkyls on the clusters increased, the cluster frames swelled, and the clusters flexed away from the support. The data indicate self-inhibition of reaction by adsorbed hydrocarbons and differences between ethene hydrogenation and propene hydrogenation that may arise primarily from different adsorbate-adsorbate interactions.