Dual-responsive surfaces that switch superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity

Dual-stimuli-responsive surfaces are reported here that work under the external stimuli of temperature and/or pH. as demonstrated in the Figure: When the pH and/or temperature is varied. the contact angles (CAs) of the dual-responsive materials change reversibly. The general change in trend of wettability is that half of the water CAs are almost all larger than 130 degrees (red backround) and the others are almost all smaller than 20 degrees (blue background).