Journal
GLYCOBIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Volume 1253, Issue -, Pages E1-E13Publisher
BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06618.x
Keywords
helminth parasites; glycans; LNFPIII; Lewis X; alternative activation; macrophages; dendritic cells
Funding
- NIAID NIH HHS [AI056484] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [R01AI056484] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Helminth parasites bias host CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells toward Th2 responses, drive alternative activation of macrophages, and expand T regulatory cells. Helminth-expressed carbohydrates play critical roles in driving much of this immune cell biasing. Studies on helminth glycans have focused on Lewis X, LDN, LDN-DF, other fucosylated structures, chitin, tyvelose, and trehalose, which interact with host antigen presenting cells (APCs) minimally via C-type lectins and/or Toll-like receptors (TLR). Here, we review recent findings on helminth glycan activation of APCs via C-type lectin/TLRs and introduce the concept that glycosylated helminth molecules require endocytosis to function as immune modulators. Second, we describe unpublished data showing that in vivo glycoconjugates comprising multiple copies of glycans on carriers are directly immune modulatory. Lastly, we discuss the observation that CD14 negatively regulates alternative activation of APCs during helminth infection. We close with a discussion on the use of immune modulatory glycans as vaccine adjuvants and as antiinflammatory therapeutics.
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