Journal
NEUROENDOCRINE IMMUNOLOGY IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES: TRANSLATION FROM BASICS TO CLINICS
Volume 1193, Issue -, Pages 48-59Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05300.x
Keywords
sleep; circadian rhythm; immune system; human; cytokines; leukocytes; prolactin; growth hormone; cortisol; hormones; vaccination; immune response
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Many immune parameters show systematic fluctuations over the 24-h day in human blood. Circulating naive T-cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-12 (IL-12), peak during nighttime, whereas cytotcocic effector leukocytes and production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 peak during daytime. These temporal changes originate from a combined influence of the circadian system and sleep. Both brain functions act synergistically and share neuroendocrine effector mechanisms to convey control over immune functions. Sympathetic tone and cortisol levels show a circadian nadir during nighttime and are further suppressed by sleep, whereas growth hormone and prolactin show a circadian peak during nighttime and are further enhanced by sleep. Thus, the circadian system and sleep jointly evoke a unique endocrine constellation that is extremely effective in inducing changes in leukocyte traffic and a shift toward proinflammatory type 1-cytolcines during the nocturnal period of sleep, that is, an action with strong clinical implications.
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