Light-induced deformation and instability of a liquid interface. I. Statics

We study in detail the deformations of a liquid-liquid interface induced by the electromagnetic radiation pressure of a focused cw laser beam. Using a simple linear model of static equilibrium of the interface under the effect of radiation pressure, buoyancy, and Laplace pressure, we explain the observed hump height variations for any value of the optical Bond number Bo=(omega(0)/l(c))(2) (l(c) is the capillary length and omega(0) is the waist of the beam) in the regime of weak deformations and show that the deformations are independent of the direction of propagation of the laser. By increasing the beam power, we observe an instability of the interface leading to the formation of a long jet when the laser propagates from the more refringent phase to the less refringent one. We propose that the total internal reflection of the incident light on the highly deformed interface could be at the origin of this instability. Using a nonlinear model of static equilibrium of the interface taking account of the angular dependance of radiation pressure, we explain the measured beam power threshold of the instability P-up arrow, as well as the shape of the interface deformations observed at large waists just below the instability onset. According to this model, the instability should occur when the interface slope reaches the angle of total reflection, theta(TR). We find experimentally that, just below the instability threshold, the maximum incidence angle along the interface, theta(imax), is significantly smaller than theta(TR) and that our nonlinear model does not present any instability up to theta(imax)=theta(TR). Thus, although the proposed instability model correctly predicts the instability threshold P-up arrow, it fails to describe the actual instability mechanism. We finally discuss possible additional effects that could explain the instability.