Journal
NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION: FROM FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY TO THERAPY
Volume 1153, Issue -, Pages 89-97Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03970.x
Keywords
interleukin-6; pituitary; folliculostellate cells; pituitary tumors; toll-like receptor 4; NOD1/NOD2; lipopolysaccharide; hormone secretion; proliferation; angiogenesis
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Funding
- German Research Foundation (DFG) [ON 79/1-1]
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina
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Interleukin (IL)-6, a member of the gp130 cytokine family, is sometimes designated as an endocrine cytokine because of its strong regulatory influence on hormone production. Systemically acting IL-6 derived from immune cells is a potent stimulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and therefore plays an important role in modulating immune-neuroendocrine interactions during inflammatory or infectious processes. However, IL-6 is also produced within the anterior pituitary by so-called folliculostellate (FS) cells and is also synthesized in and released by tumor cells in pituitary adenomas. Growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor-beta), neuropeptides (e.g., pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide), or hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids) regulate IL-6 production both in FS and pituitary tumor cells. Interestingly, components of the innate immune system, such as toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs), are expressed in FS and pituitary tumor cells. Therefore, cell-wall components of bacteria (lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide, diamino pimelic acid) stimulate IL-6 production in normal and tumoral pituitary. The intrinsic IL-6 production by FS cells in normal anterior pituitary may participate in immune-neuroendocrine interactions during inflammatory processes. In pituitary adenomas, IL-6 stimulates hormone secretion, tumor cell proliferation, and the production of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A, suggesting an important role of IL-6 in the pathophysiology and progression of pituitary adenomas.
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