Journal
MITOCHONDRIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Volume 1147, Issue -, Pages 61-69Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1427.036
Keywords
Nrf2; oxidative stress; neurodegenerative diseases
Funding
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) [R01 ES10042, ES08089]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association
- Packard Center for ALS Research
- Hereditary Disease Foundation
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES [R29ES008089, R01ES008089, R01ES010042] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES [T32GM008692] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Transcriptional activation of protective genes is mediated by a cis-acting element called the antioxidant responsive element (ARE). The transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) binds to the ARE. Activation of this pathway protects cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death. Increased oxidative stress is associated with neuronal cell death during the pathogenesis of multiple chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We hypothesize that Nrf2-ARE activation is a novel neuroprotective pathway that confers resistance to a variety of oxidative, stress-related, neurodegenerative insults. In recent studies, primary neuronal cultures treated with chemical activators of the Nrf2-ARE pathway displayed significantly greater resistance to oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. Similar cultures generated from ARE-hPAP reporter mice demonstrated selective activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in astrocytes, suggesting that Nrf2 activation in astrocytes somehow confers resistance to naive neurons. Further, in chemical models of neurodegeneration, Nrf2 knockout mice are significantly more sensitive to mitochondrial complex I and 11 inhibitors. Combining these observations with the results implying that the astrocyte is central to Nrf2-ARE-mediated neuro-protection, we transplanted Nrf2-overexpressing astrocytes into the mouse striatum prior to lesioning with malonate. This procedure led to dramatic protection against malonate-induced neurotoxicity. Translating this to other chemical :and genetic models of neurodegeneration will be discussed.
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