Maastrichtian North Atlantic warming, increasing stratification, and foraminiferal paleobiology at three timescales

Analysis of 944 single specimens of three species of late Maastrichtian planktonic foraminifera (Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Contusotruncana contusa, and Rugoglobigerina rugosa) from 38 samples spanning the last 3 Myr of the Cretaceous shows consistent isotopic trends through time, consistent isotopic differences among taxa, and high within-sample isotopic variability throughout. Within-sample variability does not change systematically through time for any taxon, but average delta O-18 values decrease by similar to 1.5 parts per thousand, and average delta C-13 values diverge up section. Comparing taxa, average delta O-18 values are similar within most samples, but average delta C-13 values generally decrease from R. fructicosa to R. rugosa to C. contusa. In addition, the within-sample variability of individual delta C-13 measurements is larger for R. fructicosa than for either C. contusa or R. rugosa, an observation which is consistent with a photosymbiotic habitat for R. fructicosa. In terms of Maastrichtian paleoceanography the negative delta O-18 trend of similar to 1.5 parts per thousand corresponds to a temperature increase of similar to 6 degrees C, and the divergence of delta C-13 values up section suggests an increasingly stratified water column in the western Atlantic through the late Maastrichtian. We suggest that these trends are best explained by increasing import of South Atlantic waters into the North Atlantic and an intensification of the Northern Hemisphere polar front.