Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine liposomes enhance the permeability, transportation and uptake of phospholipids in Caco-2 cells

The influence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-enriched phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the permeability, transport and uptake of phospholipids was evaluated in Caco-2 cells. The cells were grown on permeable polycarbonate transwell filters, thus allowing separate access to the apical and basolateral chambers. The monolayers of the cells were used to measure lucifer yellow permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Transcellular transportation of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) labeled-PC small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) from the apical to basolateral chamber, and uptake of the same SUV was monitored in the cell monolayers. Cell-membrane perturbation was evaluated to measure the release of lactate dehydrogenase and to determine the cell viability with sodium 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl) -5-(2, 4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium dye reduction assay. The lucifer yellow flux was 1.0 and 1.5 nmol/h/cm(2)with 50 mu M PC, and 17.0 and 23.0 nmol/h/cm(2) with 100 mu M PC when monolayers of Caco-2 cells were treated with DHA- and EPA-enriched PC, respectively. TEER decreased to 24 and 27% with 50 and 100 mu M DHA-enriched PC, and to 25 and 30% with 50 and 100 mu M EPA-enriched PC, respectively. Our results show that DHA- and EPA-enriched PC increases tight junction permeability across the Caco-2 cell monolayer whereas soy PC has no effect on tight junction permeability. Transportation and uptake of DHA- and EPA-enriched PC SUV differed significantly (P < 0.01) from those of soy PC SUV at all doses. We found that PC SUV transported across Caco-2 monolayer and was taken up by Caco-2 cells with very slight injury of the cell membrane up to 100 mu M PC. Lactate dehydrogenase release and cell viability did not differ significantly between the treatment and control, emphasizing that injury was minimal. Our results suggest that DHA- and EPA-enriched PC enhance the permeability, transport and uptake of PC SUV across monolayers of Caco-2 cells.