The case for anisotropic afterglow efficiency within gamma-ray burst jets

Early X-ray afterglows recently detected by Swift frequently show a phase of very shallow flux decay lasting from similar to 10(2.5) up to similar to 10(4) s, followed by a steeper, more familiar decay. We suggest that the flat early part of the light curve may be a combination of (1) the decaying tail of the prompt emission and (2) the delayed onset of the afterglow emission observed from viewing angles slightly outside the edge of that part of the jet that generates prominent afterglow emission, as predicted previously. This would imply that a significant fraction of viewers get very little external shock energy along their line of sight and, therefore, see a very high gamma-ray-to-kinetic energy ratio at early times. The early flat phase in the afterglow light curve implies, for standard afterglow theory, a very large gamma-ray efficiency, typically greater than or similar to 90%, which is very difficult to extract from baryons by internal shocks.