Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 103, Issue 16, Pages 6218-6223Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509981103
Keywords
photoreceptor; retinal development; nuclear hormone receptor
Categories
Funding
- Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
- NEI NIH HHS [T32 EY007031, T32EY07031] Funding Source: Medline
- NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS028308, NS28308] Funding Source: Medline
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Most mammals have two types of cone photoreceptors, which contain either medium wavelength (M) or short wavelength (S) opsin. The number and spatial organization of cone types varies dramatically among species, presumably to fine-tune the retina for different visual environments. In the mouse, S- and M-opsin are expressed in an opposing dorsal-ventral gradient. We previously reported that cone opsin patterning requires thyroid hormone beta 2, a nuclear hormone receptor that regulates transcription in conjunction with its ligand, thyroid hormone (TH). Here we show that exogenous TH inhibits S-opsin expression, but activates M-opsin expression. Binding of endogenous TH to TR beta 2 is required to inhibit S-opsin and to activate M-opsin. TH is symmetrically distributed in the retina at birth as S-opsin expression begins, but becomes elevated in the dorsal retina at the time of M-opsin onset (postnatal day 10). Our results show that TH is a critical regulator of both S-opsin and M-opsin, and suggest that a TH gradient may play a role in establishing the gradient of M-opsin. These results also suggest that the ratio and patterning of cone types may be determined by TH availability during retinal development.
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