Accelerated parallel imaging for functional imaging of the human brain

Accelerated parallel imaging (PI) techniques have recently been applied to functional imaging experiments of the human brain in order to improve the performance of commonly used single-shot techniques like echo-planar imaging (EPI). Potential benefits of PI-fMRI include the reduction of geometrical distortions due to off-resonance signals, the reduction of signal-loss in areas with substantial signal inhomogeneity, increases of the spatial and temporal resolution of the fMR1 experiment and reduction of gradient acoustic noise. Although PI generally leads to a substantial decrease in image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), its effect on the temporal stability of the signal, which ultimately determines fMRI performance, is only partially determined by image SNR. Therefore, the penalty for using PI is generally not as severe as the SNR reduction. The majority of problems related to single-shot techniques become more severe at an increased magnetic field strength, making PI an important tool in achieving the full potential of fMRI at high field. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.