Metabolic energy utilization during development of Antarctic naked dragonfish (Gymnodraco acuticeps)

We have capitalised on the availability of eggs and adults of the naked dragonfish Gymnodraco acuticeps (Sub-order Notothenioidei, F. Bathydraconidae) near McMurdo Station, Antarctica to examine metabolic energy utilization at different stages of its life cycle. Average egg respiration rates were found to increase from 2.17 +/- 1.02 nmol O-2 h(-1) ind(-1) at about 17 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 5.72 +/- 0.56 nmol h(-1) ind(-1) at about 24 hpf, during which time the eggs underwent first cleavage. The respiration rates of embryos from 2-20 days post-fertilization (dpf) averaged 4.11 +/- 1.47 nmol O-2 h(-1) ind(-1). About 10 months post-fertilization, oxygen consumption rates of 27.14 +/- 3.92 nmol 02 h(-1) ind(-1) were recorded immediately prior to hatching, with a peak of 112.41 +/- 31.38 nmol O-2 h(-1) ind(-1) at the time of hatch. Larvae aged 46-63 days post-hatch had an average respiration rate of 64.4 +/- 15.11 nmol O-2 h(-1) ind(-1). Mass-specific respiration rates of hatched larvae (approximately 1-2 months old) were calculated using dry weights (DW) and averaged 16.1 +/- 3.4 nmol O-2 h(-1) mg(-1) DW. Adult dragonfish respiration rates (corrected for a 100 g fish and using a 0.8 scaling exponent) averaged 0.91 +/- 0.36 mmol O-2 kg(-1) h(-1) after a 48 h acclimatization period, which is not indicative of significant metabolic cold adaptation. The energy contents of dragonfish eggs and larvae were also measured by microbomb calorimetry and used, along with the respiration data, in an initial approach to estimate an energy budget. In order to balance the budget, the bulk of the available post-gastrulation respiratory energy (during 213 days of embryonic incubation) must be consumed at a relatively low average rate (7.1 nmol O-2 h(-1) ind(-1)), which supports the possibility that advanced dragonfish embryos overwinter in a relatively quiescent metabolic state while awaiting a suitable stimulus (such as the return of the sun) to initiate hatching.