Negative energy balance in male and female rangers: effects of 7 d of sustained exercise and food deprivation

Background: A challenging 7-d ranger field exercise (FEX) by cadets in the Norwegian Military Academy provided a venue in which to study the effects of negative energy balance. Objective: We quantified total energy expenditure (TEE), food intake, and changes in body composition in male and female cadets. Design: TEE (measured by doubly labeled water), food intake, activity patterns (measured by accelerometry), and body composition (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured in 16 cadets (10 men and 6 women aged 21-27 y). Results: The physically active (approximate to 23 h/d) and semistarved (0.2-2.2 MJ/d) cadets lost weight ((x) over bar +/- SD: men, -7.7 +/- 1.1 kg; women, -5.9 +/- 1.1 kg; P < 0.05). Absolute TEE differed by sex (men, 26.6 +/- 2.0 MJ/d; women, 21.9 +/- 2.0 MJ/d; P < 0.05) but body weight-specific TEE did not (men, 343 +/- 26kJ(.)kg(-1.)d(-1);women, 354 +/- 18 kJ (.) kg(-1 .) d(-1); NS). Fat-free mass (FFM) loss differed significantly by sex (men, -4.0 +/- 1.2 kg; women, -2.5 +/- 1.1 kg; P < 0.05), but percentage FFM loss did not (men, -6.3 +/- 1.9%; women, -5.6 +/- 2.4%). In contrast, absolute FM loss did not differ significantly by sex (men, -3.45 +/- 0.72 kg; women, -3.42 +/- 0.22 kg), but fat oxidation (men, 5.2 +/- 1.0 mg (.) min(-1 .) kg FFM-1; women, 7.3 +/- 0.5 mg (.) min(-1 .) kg FFM-1) and the relative contribution of FM to TEE (men, 74 +/- 14%; women, 89 +/- 6%) were significantly greater in women than in men (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Female cadets maintained a significantly more fat-predominant fuel metabolism than did male cadets in response to sustained exercise and semistarvation.