Tropical wave driving of the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures. Part I: ECMWF analyses

A quantitative examination of the annual cycle in the tropical tropopause temperatures, tropical ascent, momentum balance, and wave driving is performed using ECMWF analyses to determine how the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures arises. Results show that the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures is driven by the annual variation in ascent and consequent dynamical (adiabatic) cooling at the tropical tropopause. Mass divergence local to the tropical tropopause has the dominant contribution to ascent near the tropical tropopause. The annual cycle in mass divergence, and the associated meridional flow, near the tropical tropopause is driven by Eliassen-Palm (EP) flux divergence, that is, wave dissipation. The EP flux divergence near the tropical tropopause is dominated by stationary waves with both the horizontal and vertical components of the EP flux contributing. However, the largest annual cycle is in the divergence of the vertical EP flux and in particular from the contribution in the vertical flux of zonal momentum. These results do not match the existing theory that the annual cycle is driven by the wave dissipation in the extratropical stratosphere, that is, the stratospheric pump. It is suggested that the annual cycle is linked to equatorial Rossby waves forced by convective heating in the tropical troposphere.