Wing-in-ground effect vehicles

This survey has the objective of reviewing research and development of wing-in-ground effect technology. Starting with definitions of the phenomenon and the craft which takes advantage of the ground effect (GE), the history and perspectives of the technology, specific vehicles and projects, and areas of application are covered. Special attention is paid to GE aerodynamics, its mathematical modeling and the stability of longitudinal motion. Also briefly discussed are issues of motion control, structural design, materials and economics. Covered in more detail are matters related to rules of classification, safety and certification. Conclusions are followed by a bibliography, including about 769 entries. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.