Journal
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-GENERAL
Volume 135, Issue 2, Pages 282-297Publisher
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.135.2.282
Keywords
uncertainty monitoring; metacognition; deferred feedback; monkeys; Macaca mulatta
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Funding
- NICHD NIH HHS [HD-38051] Funding Source: Medline
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Although researchers are exploring animals' capacity for monitoring their states of uncertainty, the use of some paradigms allows the criticism that animals map avoidance responses to error-causing stimuli not because of uncertainty monitored but because of feedback signals and stimulus aversion. The authors addressed this criticism with an uncertainty-monitoring task in which participants completed blocks of trials with feedback deferred so that they could not associate reinforcement signals to particular stimuli or stimulus-response pairs. Humans and 1 of 2 monkeys were able to make cognitive, decisional uncertainty responses that were independent of feedback or reinforcement history within a task. This finding unifies the comparative literature on uncertainty monitoring. The dissociation of performance from reinforcement has theoretical implications, and the deferred-feedback technique has many applications.
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