Bile acids and cytokines inhibit the human cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene via the JNK/c-Jun pathway in human liver cells

Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) of the bile acid biosynthesis pathway is suppressed by bile acids and inflammatory cytokines. Bile acids are known to induce inflammatory cytokines to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway that inhibits CYP7A1 gene transcription. c-jun has been postulated to mediate bile acid inhibition of CYP7A1. However, the c-Jun target involved in the regulation of CYP7A1 is unknown. Human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells were used as models to study chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) regulation of human CYP7A1 gene expression via real-time polymerase chain reaction, reporter assays, co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunocipitation (ChIP) assays. IL-1 beta and CDCA reduced CYP7A1 but induced c-Jun messenger RNA expression in human primary hepatocytes. IL-1 beta inhibited human CYP7A1 reporter activity via the HNF4 alpha binding site. A JNK-specific inhibitor blocked the inhibitory effect of IL-1 beta on HNF4 alpha expression and CYP7A1 reporter activity. c-Jun inhibited HNF4 alpha and PPAR gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) coactivation of Cyp7A1 reporter activity, whereas a dominant negative c-jun did not. Co-immunoprecipitation and ChIP assays revealed that IL-1 beta and CDCA reduced HNF4 alpha bound to the Cyp7A1 chromatin, and that c-jun interacted with HN174 alpha and blocked HNF4 alpha recruitment of PGC-1 alpha to the CYP7A1 chromatin. In conclusion, IL-1 beta and CDCA inhibit HNF4 alpha but induce c-jun, which in turn blocks HNF4 alpha recruitment of PGC-1 alpha to the Cyp7A1 chromatin and results in inhibition of CYP7A1 gene transcription. The JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway inhibits bile acid synthesis and protects hepatocytes against the toxic effect of inflammatory agents.