Journal
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY
Volume 26, Issue 6, Pages 1323-1329Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000220383.19192.55
Keywords
apolipoprotein E; atherosclerosis; macrophage; TGF-beta; signal transduction; gene expression
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Objective-The cytokine transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta) and apolipoprotein E ( apoE) play potent antiatherogenic roles. Despite such importance, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of apoE expression by TGF-beta have not been characterized and were therefore investigated. Methods and Results-Using THP-1 cell line as a model system, with key findings confirmed in primary cultures, we show that TGF-beta induces the expression of apoE, and this is prevented by pharmacological inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 kinase, and casein kinase 2 (CK2). In support for an important role for these pathways, TGF-beta activates JNK, p38 kinase, and CK2, and dominant-negative (DN) forms of these proteins inhibit the cytokine-induced apoE expression. TGF-beta also increases the phosphorylation and expression of c-Jun, a downstream target for JNK action and a component of activator protein-1 (AP-1), and DN c-Jun inhibits the induction of apoE expression in response to the cytokine. AP-1 DNA binding was also induced by TGF-beta, and the action of p38 kinase, JNK, and CK2 converged on the activation of c-Jun/AP-1. Conclusions-These studies reveal a novel role for JNK, p38 kinase, CK2, and c-Jun/AP-1 in the TGF-beta-induced expression of apoE.
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