Journal
PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS
Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 142-163Publisher
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.142
Keywords
multilevel model; hierarchical linear model; indirect effect; mediation; moderated mediation
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Funding
- NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL6217] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDA NIH HHS [F32 DA 16883] Funding Source: Medline
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The authors propose new procedures for evaluating direct, indirect, and total effects in multilevel models when all relevant variables are measured at Level 1 and all effects are random. Formulas are provided for the mean and variance of the indirect and total effects and for the sampling variances of the average indirect and total effects. Simulations show that the estimates are unbiased under most conditions. Confidence intervals based on a normal approximation or a simulated sampling distribution perform well when the random effects are normally distributed but less so when they are nonnormally distributed. These methods are further developed to address hypotheses of moderated mediation in the multilevel context. An example demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed methods.
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