Spectroscopic confirmation of a large population of active galactic nuclei in clusters of galaxies

We have completed a spectroscopic survey of X-ray point sources in eight low-redshift clusters of galaxies (0.05 < z < 0.31) and have identified 40 cluster members with broadband (0.3-8 keV) X-ray luminosities between L-X = 8 x 10(40) and 4 x 10(43) ergs s(-1). There are between two and 10 X-ray sources per cluster. We use visible-wavelength emission lines, X-ray spectral shapes, and multiwavelength flux ratios to determine that at least 35 of these galaxies are active galactic nuclei (AGNs). From our spectroscopic survey of other candidate cluster members we estimate that the AGN fraction f(A) is similar to 5% for cluster galaxies more luminous than M-R = -20 mag hosting AGNs with broadband X-ray luminosities above L-X = 10(41) ergs s(-1), or f(A)(M-R < -20; L-X > 10(41)) similar to 5%. We stress that additional, lower luminosity AGNs are expected to be present in the MR < -20 mag cluster members. Our data unambiguously demonstrate that cluster galaxies host AGNs more frequently than previously expected. Only four of these galaxies have obvious visible-wavelength AGN signatures, even though their X-ray luminosities are too high for their X-ray emission to be due to populations of low-mass X-ray binaries or hot, gaseous halos. We attribute the significant difference in visible and X-ray AGN identification to dilution of low-luminosity AGN spectral signatures by host galaxy starlight and/or obscuration of accretion onto the central, supermassive black hole.