Journal
TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Volume 25, Issue 7, Pages 704-715Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.009
Keywords
environmental monitoring; passive sampling; screen-printed electrode; sensor; water framework directive; water quality; WED
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This article first reviews the principal monitoring requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union (EU) and assesses how contaminant monitoring may fit into a risk-assessment approach. In this context, we show the limited ability of conventional trace-contaminant-monitoring methods to fulfil all of the WFD requirements. We then clearly define and exemplify the roles and the functions of a new set of monitoring tools, using three case studies based on datasets that we obtained during a field trial in the River Meuse as part of the Screening methods for Water data InFormaTion (SWIFT-WFD) project in support of implementing the WFD. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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