The effective temperatures and physical properties of magellanic cloud red supergiants: The effects of metallicity

We present moderate-resolution spectrophotometry of 36 red supergiants (RSGs) in the LMC and 37 RSGs in the SMC. Using the MARCS atmosphere models to fit this spectrophotometry, we determine the stars' physical properties and compare the results to evolutionary models. The (V - R)(0) broadband colors agree with those from fitting the optical spectrophotometry, but (V - K)(0) results show metallicity-dependent systematic differences in the physical properties. We conclude that this is likely due to the limitations of static 1D models, and accept that there is still some uncertainty in the effective temperature scale. We find that the temperature scales for Milky Way, LMC, and SMC K-type supergiants agree with each other, while for M-type supergiants the LMC and SMC scales are cooler than the Galactic scale by 50 and 150 K, respectively. Since spectral classification of RSGs is based on TiO line strengths, it follows that stars with lower abundances of these elements must be cooler in order to have the line strengths associated with a given spectral type. However, this effect is not sufficient to explain the shift in average spectral type between the three galaxies. Instead, metallicity's effect on the coolest extent of stellar evolution is primarily responsible. Our results bring RSGs into much better agreement with stellar evolutionary theory, although the SMC RSGs show a considerably larger spread in effective temperatures at a given luminosity than the LMC stars. This is expected due to the larger effects of rotational mixing in lower metallicity stars. We also find that the reddening distribution of RSGs in the Clouds is skewed significantly toward higher values, consistent with our recent finding that Galactic RSGs show extra extinction due to circumstellar dust.