Chamazulene carboxylic acid and matricin: A natural profen and its natural prodrug, identified through similarity to synthetic drug substances

Chamazulene carboxylic acid ( 1) is a natural profen with anti-inflammatory activity and a degradation product of proazulenic sesquiterpene lactones, e. g., matricin. Both 1 and proazulenes occur in chamomile ( Matricaria recutita), yarrow ( Achillea millefolium), and a few other Asteraceae species. It was isolated in improved yields, characterized physicochemically, and found to be an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, but not of cyclooxygenase-1. It had anti-inflammatory activity in several animal models with local and systemic application. When human volunteers were given matricin orally, plasma levels of 1 were found to be in the micromolar range. Matricin was converted to 1 in artificial gastric fluid, but not in artificial intestinal fluid. Matricin and the yarrow proazulenes are proposed to be anti-inflammatory through conversion to 1. Intriguingly, the biological activity of the natural compound 1 was found because of its similarity to fully synthetic drug substances. This is the reverse process of the common lead function of natural compounds in drug discovery.