Endoxifen, a secondary metabolite of tamoxifen, and 4-OH-tamoxifen induce similar changes in global gene expression patterns in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

We recently demonstrated that endoxifen (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen), a pharmacogenetically regulated metabolite of tamoxifen, is equipotent to 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OH-Tam) with respect to estrogen receptor binding and inhibition of 17 beta-estradiol (E-2)-induced cell proliferation. Endoxifen was also found to be more abundant in human plasma than 4-OH-Tam, and its formation has been shown to be primarily catalyzed by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Here, we report studies evaluating the effects of endoxifen, 4-OH-Tam, and E-2 on gene expression in MCF-7 cells using Affymetrix U133A GeneChip Arrays (Santa Clara, CA). We detected 4062 genes that were E-2-regulated (1924 induced; 2138 suppressed), and the ratio of E-2-induced versus E-2-suppressed genes was consistent regardless of the cutoff value. In the presence of E-2, 2444 and 2390 genes were affected by 4-OH-Tam and endoxifen, respectively, when no minimal -fold change cutoff was implemented. The majority of genes regulated by the tamoxifen metabolites were also E-2-responsive (74.4 and 73.3%, respectively). Endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam had overlapping effects on 1365 E-2-sensitive genes, whose -fold effects between these metabolites were highly correlated (R-2 = 0.99). A significant correlation was also found between the -fold effects of 249 E-2-insensitive genes coregulated by both metabolites (R-2 = 0.99). Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated similar gene regulation patterns between these metabolites, which were distinct from E-2 or vehicle treatment patterns. Using real time-polymerase chain reaction, we validated the gene expression patterns of five genes that were differentially regulated by endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam. We conclude that endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam have similar effects on global gene expression patterns in MCF-7 cells and that the majority of the affected genes are estrogen-regulated genes.