4.0 Article

Genome-Wide Patterns of Genetic Distances Reveal Candidate Loci Contributing to Human Population-Specific Traits

Journal

ANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS
Volume 76, Issue -, Pages 142-158

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00695.x

Keywords

Genetic variation; genomics; human evolution; Out-of-Africa hypothesis; population genetics; selection

Funding

  1. Fundacao Luso-Americana
  2. BBSRC [BB/H008497/1]
  3. Ellison Medical Foundation
  4. Marie Curie International Reintegration Grant within EC
  5. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/H008497/1] Funding Source: researchfish
  6. BBSRC [BB/H008497/1] Funding Source: UKRI

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Modern humans originated in Africa before migrating across the world with founder effects and adaptations to new environments contributing to their present phenotypic diversity. Determining the genetic basis of differences between populations may provide clues about our evolutionary history and may have clinical implications. Herein, we develop a method to detect genes and biological processes in which populations most differ by calculating the genetic distance between modern populations and a hypothetical ancestral population. We apply our method to large-scale single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from human populations of African, European and Asian origin. As expected, ancestral alleles were more conserved in the African populations and we found evidence of high divergence in genes previously suggested as targets of selection related to skin pigmentation, immune response, senses and dietary adaptations. Our genome-wide scan also reveals novel candidates for contributing to population-specific traits. These include genes related to neuronal development and behavior that may have been influenced by cultural processes. Moreover, in the African populations, we found a high divergence in genes related to UV protection and to the male reproductive system. Taken together, these results confirm and expand previous findings, providing new clues about the evolution and genetics of human phenotypic diversity.

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